Voice-overs

Voice-over translation, also known as simply voice-over, is an audiovisual translation technique in which, unlike in dubbing, actor voices are recorded over the original audio track which can be heard in the background. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries, news reports and other unscripted series such as reality shows to translate the words of foreign-language speakers in countries where subtitling is not necessarily the norm.

However, it is also commonly used to translate scripted foreign-language films and television programs in some countries, most notably in Poland, Bulgaria, former Soviet republics (e.g. Russia, Ukraine, Baltic states, Georgia and CIS countries), Mongolia, and Vietnam. Voice-over translation in this case is largely limited to television channels, home video releases and streaming services, and seldom sees use in theatrically released films; Poland for instance generally uses subtitles instead for the lattermost category, while Russia and Ukraine largely use full dubbing for theatrical releases instead. Estonia in particular also uses a mixture of subtitling and voice-over, generally preferring subtitles for nonfictional material, most theatrical releases and fictional television programs that are neither soap operas nor directed toward children, but voice-over translation for children's programming and soap operas.

In voice-over countries, the preferred voice-over method depends on the country: Poland for instance generally opts for a single-voice translation most of the time (generally known as lektor), in which a single voice (typically a deep male) reads a simplified translation of character dialogue in a neutral, emotionless narrator voice after a noticeable delay while the original audio is still audible in the background; Bulgaria, on the other hand, instead uses a multi-voice method closer to full dubbing, with multiple professional voice actors who attempt to match the original dialogue's intonation and whose voices are less delayed from the original audio in comparison to the Polish method; and ex-Soviet countries are generally more varied, with both single-voice and multi-voice translations being used depending on the program/film in question and the distribution medium in use, and there may or may not be an attempt to match the original intonation.

Despite this, some of the aforementioned countries where voice-over translations are commonly used (namely Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Vietnam) do frequently use full dubbing (with Bulgaria also frequently using subtitling as well) instead depending on the program/film in question. Most theatrically released animated and/or family movies nowadays are also properly dubbed in Poland, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine and Vietnam.

Finally, some no-dialogue scripted shows (mainly animated ones) which have no actual spoken dialogue in them that can actually be translated and adapted (such as Oggy and the Cockroaches or Grizzy and the Lemmings) have dubbed versions which add voice-acted dialogue and/or commentary on top of the original audio. These versions are not direct voice-over translations unlike the above, but are currently included in the "Voice-overs" category until a new distinct category for them can be established.